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Professor Du Junfei of Nanjing University said: "some mainstream media are in the name of all media, integrated media and intelligent media. If they can't report real news, they are all fake media. In addition, those central kitchens, digital matrices and the like, if they cannot provide close service to the public, are all fake innovations. " In the epidemic, the fall of some mainstream media makes us rethink the value of journalistic professionalism. Whether it's the eye-catching exaggeration report of "women nurses shaved their heads on the front line" or the mainstream media report "Shuanghuanglian" that caused people to buy up... Fortunately, there are also media to defend the professionalism of the media. In this epidemic, caixin.com and Sanlian Life week and other media showed a firm and rigorous attitude, rushed to the front line, made efforts to restore and record the truth. This article will take you to sort out the examination point of journalism.
Tracing to the source: journalistic professionalism means that journalistic professionalism is the belief of "public service" developed in the news industry after the disintegration of American party newspapers. It is a part of the general trend of "administrative rationalism and professional neutrality in the era of improvement". In theory, it has an idealistic color and a strong tendency of moralism. It emphasizes the universality of news practitioners and news work: it is an ideology, which is different from market-oriented media (and news) and media as the mouthpiece of propaganda. It is an ideology with the purpose of public service and public interest and the cornerstone of empirical scientific principles. It is also a mode of social control, It is a professional control mode which is different from market control and political control and based on professional knowledge. Western journalistic professionalism includes the social function of media, the mission and social responsibility of journalists, and the code of conduct of journalists. Its core is: 1. The media serves the public interest; 2. The journalists are the social observers; 3. The journalists are the gatekeepers of information circulation. According to the mainstream social values, they find the facts by practical reason and obey the facts rather than other political or commercial powers; 4. The journalists are subject to the above four norms and do not accept any control. However, journalistic professionalism has been questioned. Among them, the critical school doubted that mass media has a strong ideological influence. It is one of the "state machines of ideology" and supports the existing ideology and system. This influence may be exerted through agenda setting and hegemonic mechanism to shape "consensus", while journalistic professionalism advertised as "neutral" and "neutral" "Objective" not only can not be realized, but also is probably just a trick of capitalist materialized consciousness to cover up ideological color.
The dilemma of journalistic professionalism in the context of new media
In the context of new media, journalistic professionalism is changing and reconstructing. The traditional journalistic industry is transforming collectively, the identity of professional journalists is reconstructing, news value standards and news ethics. Under the background of new media technology, the new way of news communication deconstructs the traditional journalistic professionalism in a sense, resulting in a series of dilemmas. The power diffusion brought by non professional news production, such as citizen news websites, news blogs and microblogs, has shaken the bureaucratic news media institutions. The convenient access right supported by new media technology has eliminated the boundaries of transmission and reception, causing deep anxiety about the professional identity of journalists. The generalization of news production right and information expansion have brought the secondary news and the fall of traditional news ethics 。
Crisis of professional media organizations: power diffusion
As Mr. Peng Lan said, "in the past, news production and communication monopolized by professional media, the perspective of users as producers is becoming more and more obvious, which challenges the traditional media." In the past, traditional media had a monopoly on news production. This is because professional media organizations provide mechanism guarantee for the independence, independence and specialization of news production. First, the establishment of specialized institutions ensures that news production is no longer dependent on political institutions or interest groups, so that it can get rid of the interference and control of political and economic power over news content and news discourse. Secondly, the emergence of professional media organizations means that news production is moving towards institutionalization and routinization, forming systematic standards and practices in the production of news content, news products, advertising and marketing, and greatly improving the efficiency and quality of news production. Third, the operation of specialized media organizations belongs to market behavior, and the market logic determines that the public interest is the foothold of news production. With the support of new media technology, the power of news production and communication is constantly divided. Theoretically, any organization or individual can intervene in the field of news production and operate in different modes. There is a specialized operation mode, integrating news production, distribution and advertising, such as professional news websites. There are specialized operation modes, such as some citizen news websites, which make news production routine and stable. There are individualized operation modes, such as continuous or discontinuous news release on personal blog, podcast and blog, with interest as the direction. Identity anxiety of professional journalists: in the era of electronic media in which everyone has communication channels, anyone can freely access the field of news communication, play the role of the communicator, the audience, or the receiver. They are often amateurs or occasional interveners without professional training, lack of professional knowledge and skills. The new media technology has prepared the conditions for them to change into communicators beyond the simple identity of the audience. First of all, digital cameras, cameras, recording pens, smart phones, computer terminals and other devices are becoming more perfect, easier to operate and more portable, providing the general public with basic tools for news gathering. Secondly, new media gives people not only the right to access information, but also the right to release information. This kind of power used to be the exclusive power of professional media organizations and professional journalists. Now, the main body of power is expanding, covering all the public. The communication structure centered on the communicators has failed in the space-time category of new media such as the network. The time sequence, the center edge diffusion mode and the separation mechanism in the traditional communication and reception relationship have been subverted. On the one hand, the main scope of news production has been expanded. But on the other hand, it also disintegrates the professional identity of professional journalists. The boundary between the disseminator and the acceptor is no longer clear. In the traditional sense, the professional journalists as "gatekeepers" have encountered an unprecedented identity crisis. They do not have more power to control the news than the general public because they have more professional knowledge and skills in journalism and work in professional media institutions. At most, they have certain advantages in resources. Their professional identity can be seized and embezzled by ordinary new media users at will. The public can not only collect news freely, but also spread it in time. Even dramatic changes have taken place. News produced by the general public can sometimes influence the agenda setting of traditional media.
The sliding of news boundary: News generalization
In the context of new media, the judgment of "what is news and what is not news" becomes a problem again. First of all, the core idea of journalistic professionalism - objectivity, impartiality and Impartiality - has encountered difficulties. Secondly, the news boundary has shifted, the extension of news has been expanding, and more information has been "generalized" into news. Such as service information, life stories, side trivia and so on. Under the support of new media technology, hard news is no longer the focus of media competition. The status of dynamic news has been shaken, because everyone has the equipment, channel and ability to collect and release dynamic news, many "stories" that were not originally news, and trivial things on the streets also appear in the appearance of "news stories" and "people's livelihood news" after packaging. On the one hand, it is the extension of the current media culture, on the other hand, it is the inevitable result of the mass participation in the news production in the new media era. Although these "new" news do not conform to the original news value standards in timeliness, importance, significance and many other aspects, they cater to the needs of the masses in proximity, life oriented aesthetic tendency, high participation and interaction.
The fall of news ethics: the paradox of participatory democracy the new media has opened the door of news production to all people, which makes us see it as a "rational communication space" in the sense of Habermas, carrying democracy and public interests, and satisfying the possibility of the public's right to know, to express, to participate and to supervise. However, non professional organizations and non professional journalists are increasingly deviating from those basic journalistic ethics and professional ethics. As Richard spinello said, "if it's easy to publish and disseminate real and valuable information, it's easy to spread slander, lies and pornography. If it is easy to copy and share digital information in real time, it is easy to infringe copyright. If it's easy to establish personal contact with users, it's easy to monitor users' behavior and violate their personal privacy. " And the abuse of power of new media is infringing on the traditional news ethics - rationality and responsibility. It has become an indisputable fact that the news rationality and responsibility fall apart in the new media situation. There are three specific manifestations: first, the spread of false news. A large number of false news is filled in the electronic territory of major websites, forums, personal home pages, blogs, podcasts, SNS, etc. Second, the news perspective is biased. In recent years, various "door" events, such as Yanzhao gate, beast gate, cigarette gate, diary gate and BMW racing case, have fully exposed the personal interest and unique preference of non professional news producers, who are fond of airing all kinds of pornographic, privacy and hate rich information, and make biased and extreme statements. The result is often to violate personal privacy, spread obscene information, and even cause network cluster and network violence. Third, the problem of intellectual property is serious. The convenient copy, paste, download and upload functions of the Internet also pave the way for users to steal other people's news information.
Written in the end
Today we are going to talk about the concept of journalistic professionalism. The importance is five stars. After the outbreak, many colleges and universities are expected to investigate. With the rapid development of media environment, what you need to grasp more is the theoretical changes in the context of new media, such as what difficulties will news professionalism encounter? This is also the key and difficult point of the new postgraduate entrance examination. Do we still need to stick to journalism? Professor Peng LAN believes that in terms of news production system, machines, data and "cloud" will become new key words in the future, and such an era also means that the value of professional media and media people will be reshaped, the original boundary of media industry will be further resolved, and a new version of the greatly expanded media industry will be formed in the new competition, but in such a reconstructed ecosystem, professional value and ability We still need to stick to it. This is an era of fragmentation, an era of meaninglessness. Rationality has long gone down the altar. The traditional journalistic professionalism has indeed lost its followers. When people hand over the writing and push distribution of news to algorithms and robots, the subjectivity of people may no longer exist, and journalistic professionalism will disappear naturally