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How do you feel when you see a big hole in the back of a cow and someone is putting his hand in it to get something? Many people may feel that it's as cruel as a live bear's gall, or even think it's abusing animals.
But in fact, this is not an evil practice, but conducive to the health of animals. So what's all this about?
I believe that many people have experienced flatulence and will feel uncomfortable. The reason for flatulence is that when the air in the stomach is too much and cannot be discharged from the body, it will cause pressure on the digestive system and make people feel uncomfortable with flatulence;
The same thing happens to cattle. Moreover, for cattle, flatulence is very painful, and it is easy to bring stomach diseases, thus dragging down the whole body. This can be attributed to the fact that the cow is a ruminant with a unique digestive stage and physiological structure.
We know that ruminant digestion is generally divided into two stages: first, chew the raw materials into their stomach, and then chew the semi digested food again after a period of time. For this reason, ruminants have four stomach chambers, which are stomach tumor, reticulum, Omasum and abomasum. In cattle, it's the tripe of grass, money, blinds and tripe. These four ventricles are not connected to the end in a straight line, but formed in a staggered way.
Stomach of cattle: m-esophageal terminal, v-rumen, n-reticulum, b-omasum, l-abomasum, T-small intestine beginning
Such a structure is designed to digest plants that are rich in fiber and difficult to digest. Only when cattle ruminate with their own stomach chambers can they digest the cellulose that is not available to mammals. Of course, it is difficult to fully absorb the nutrition of plants only by mechanical chewing. At this time, various microorganisms in the stomach can convert complex plant components into absorbable energy to provide energy for animals.
But once the stomach chamber and the bacteria in it have problems, the digestive system of cattle is difficult to operate. In order to treat cattle with stomach problems, this kind of fistulostomy was developed. The so-called fistula is a pathological channel formed between the epithelial cells on the animal's body surface and the visceral or deep tissues, which can be divided into inner and outer mouths.
The outer mouth of the fistula, also known as the leak, is used to drain pus, ulcers and sores that cannot be closed. In order to achieve the purpose of disease treatment, it is also necessary to create a fistula by surgical methods.
Abdominal CT with right colonic skin fistula and associated subcutaneous emphysema
In fact, the discovery of fistulation originated from a surgical operation. In 1822, a Canadian cow was accidentally injured on its back. After repeated treatment, the wound could not be healed. Instead, it was filled with pus. In order to clean up the pus in the wound, the veterinarian in charge at that time boldly implanted a cannula in the wound to draw the pus out.
At this time, doctors found that the fistula can be used to observe the changes in the stomach of cattle, and cattle can live well. Later, this method was used to study the digestion and nutrition metabolism of ruminants such as cattle. By 1938, when Qiu et al. Put forward the technology of installing permanent fistula, the fistula technology has developed rapidly.
What's the use of a fistula on an ox? First, after a hole is opened in the back of the cow, the veterinarian can observe the digestion of the cow at any time and treat it. Secondly, they can take out the digests of cattle through fistulas, study and analyze them, so as to better understand their health status.
In addition, if the cattle suffer from indigestion and the food accumulates in the stomach, they can take out the food from the stomach from the hole to help the cattle digest. What's more, when the digestive system of other cattle goes wrong, the veterinarian can also take fresh microorganisms from the fistulated cattle and distribute them to other cattle in need. As a result, it has been suggested that the fistula can help the whole herd live longer.
How to operate it? First, prepare before operation. The cow must fast for more than 24 hours. All surgical instruments, wound scarves and hemostatic gauze must be sterilized by high pressure. Remove the hair from the back of the cow, clean and disinfect that part. Then, general anesthesia was carried out by intramuscular injection.
When everything was ready, the veterinarian began to cut a small opening in the left part of the cattle's noise, and chose the midpoint of the line between the left hip node and the rear rib as the operation site. Then, in this place, make a skin circular incision according to the outer edge of the fistula plug. The incision is 10 cm from the hip joint, and then cut the subcutaneous fascia in turn. Use hemostatic forceps or forceps to blunt peel the abdominal muscles and peritoneum of each layer.
After exposing the rumen, suture the serous layer and muscular layer of the rumen back capsule along the circular incision without ligation at the end. At a distance of 0.5m to 1cm from the suture, the whole circular layer on the rumen dorsal capsule was continuously sutured on the wound edge of the abdominal wall, and 4 to 6cm was not sutured.
Around the wound margin, the sterile gauze cut the wall of the rumen in the middle of the bag suture area, took out part of the contents of the rumen, folded the inner wall of the bubble rumen fistula from the part of the fistula hole to the outside, deformed and flattened the fistula, put it into the rumen, tighten the bag suture and ligated it.
After that, the unstitched area was reserved, the gastric wall of the tumor was repaired, the foreign body was washed with normal saline, and the fistula plug was placed. Finally, the skin incision was disinfected with 5% tincture of iodine and coated with antibiotics to prevent the invasion of bacteria.
With the development of fistula technology, the material of fistula has developed from copper, stainless steel, aluminum and other light organic compounds, such as silica gel, polyethylene and so on. In addition to cattle, sheep and other ruminants also undergo fistulization.
However, the rumen fistula of sheep is generally much smaller than that of cattle. Therefore, the materials used should not be too soft to avoid the rumen contents not being picked up when the fistula is deformed, resulting in a failure. At the same time, it can avoid the difficulty of opening and closing the fistula.
It is often heard that the gall extraction of a living bear is actually a kind of fistulization, which refers to the implementation of a fistulization operation in the abdomen of a black bear, so that its gallbladder is connected with an open fistula in the abdomen, so as to extract bile.
If you don't believe it, there's a similar gastrostomy in medicine. It was inspired by Martin, an unfortunate injured worker. By chance, one day, the worker was shot in the chest by a shotgun at close range, and then punched his stomach. Under the doctor's treatment, his digestive system miraculously returned to normal, but his pierced stomach could not be fully healed.
About ten months later, Martin also developed a coin sized permanent gastric fistula. The stomach wound also adheres to the wound outside the chest. In this case, the contents of his stomach can freely go in and out of the body, but they will not flow into the abdominal cavity to corrode the body cavity.
Martin's model of wound reconstruction
In addition, gastric acid can also disinfect the wound, so it will not cause inflammation without suture. But every time he ate, Martin just used gauze, cork and other things to block the wound. And in daily life, he has to be very careful, otherwise, his stomach juice may leak out.
Inspired by this, there is a special gastrostomy in medicine to treat diseases. However, it is set up to solve the problem of eating for the patients with esophageal wall fragility in the late stage of esophageal cancer. It is to pierce the skin of the abdomen with the gastrostomy tube, place the gastrostomy tube in the stomach under the exploration of the endoscope, give the necessary nutrients to the human body from the outside, improve the quality of life, give the sufficient nutrition needed by the stomach, and reduce the discomfort of the patients.
The process of gastrostomy in human body
Similarly, before the operation of gastrostomy, the patients need to be properly anesthetized to reduce the pain as much as possible. And those who have difficulty in eating also have access to life through gastrostomy.
So, whether for animals or humans, this kind of technology is a good one.
Rumen.Wikipedia. on 24 February 2020, at 09:18 (UTC).
Fistula.Wikipedia.on 24 January 2020, at 07:48 (UTC).
Robert Helms.Alexis St. Martin (1794-1880):The Intrepid Guinea Pig of the Great Lakes. Guinea Pig Zero
LISSA EDWARDS .The Gruesome Medical Breakthrough of Dr. William Beaumont on Mackinac Island.mynorth.2017
Catherine Price .Probing the Mysteries of Human Digestion.science history.
Two thousand and eighteen
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Original title: open a big hole in the stomach, not to be regarded as abuse but to be healthy intentionally? "
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