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In the production of sports shoes, air cushion is used to achieve the purpose of shock absorption, energy return and decoration, which is a common practice in the production of sports shoes in the world. The use of air cushion in the production of sports shoes in our city is also very common. However, due to the lack of deep research on the function and performance of air cushions in sports shoes, the function and performance of air cushions can not meet the requirements of the products, and even the use of air cushions can bring great sports injuries to the wearers.
1. Classification by material
Different materials have great influence on the performance of air cushion. At present, the most commonly used materials for air cushions are polyurethane (PU) polyvinyl chloride (PVC), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), etc. The following mainly introduces polyurethane insole air cushion and polyurethane hollow forming air cushion, PVC soft air cushion and PVC hard air cushion, thermoplastic polyurethane pipe pulling air cushion and thermoplastic polyurethane oil filling air cushion and their use advantages and performance.
◆ polyurethane (PU)
Polyurethane material has good comprehensive properties. It not only has high strength, high elasticity, high compression strength, excellent tear resistance, but also has wear resistance, oxygen resistance, ozone resistance, solvent resistance (such as non-polar solvent hexane, heptane, paraffin oil, etc.), which has little effect on polar solvent polyurethane. Even at high temperature, the swelling of polyurethane in non-polar solvent is very small), and it is light in weight, which is very useful for lightweight design of shoes. Significance. However, polyurethane has poor water resistance and high internal heat generation.
Polyurethane insole air cushions are mostly hidden air cushions, which are fixed between insoles and insoles. The whole thickness of air cushion is thin and the internal pressure is small, so it is generally used in sports shoes with low shock absorption design requirements. Such as golf shoes, badminton shoes, etc., belong to the hidden air cushion design.
Polyurethane hollow air cushion is the most widely used air cushion at present. Almost all the air cushions used in Nike and other famous brand air cushion series sneakers are polyurethane air cushions. It can be designed into different internal pressure, different structure, different thickness and different colors according to different parts used, different functions emphasized and the specific conditions of the wearer's age, so as to achieve different shock absorption effects and different energy regression functions, and it can correspond with the design of other parts of sports shoes to achieve the synchronization of visual effect and sensory effect.
◆ polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
PVC raw material source is wide, cost is low, production technology is mature, and according to the different additives and dosage of additives, transparent and opaque products and different soft and hard products can be produced, so the color change can quickly respond to the color change of sports shoes. However, the impact strength of PVC is low, the thermal deformation is large, and the resilience is not as good as polyurethane.
PVC soft air cushion series are similar to the thermoplastic polyurethane tube series in design and use. They are mostly used in the heel and can be designed with different color patterns to achieve the double effect of feeling and visual effect.
PVC rigid air cushion series, using rigid PVC material, designed into a variety of color compression resistant air cushion. Generally, it is mainly used in the heel part, with the shape similar to the honeycomb structure.
◆ thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is the first polymer material which has both rubber elastic properties and plastic plasticity. It has excellent physical and mechanical properties, such as high tensile strength and elongation. Its chemical structure and shore hardness are different, and its tensile strength is also different, from about 25 MPa to 70 MPa, soft (shore a70-85) is lower, hard (shore 50-83) tensile strength is higher; its tear resistance is good, and it has flexibility in a wide temperature range; its wear resistance and puncture resistance are excellent; its crack growth resistance is the best of all thermoplastic materials; its longitudinal bending strength is better. And low temperature impact strength is high; resilience and cutting resistance are good; oil resistance and weather resistance are good, especially for mineral oil diesel oil lubricating oil under normal temperature; under the action of ultraviolet light, it will turn yellow, but has little effect on performance, adding some UV absorbers can reduce the phenomenon of yellowing; it is more sensitive to acid and alkali, easy to be eroded, and its performance can be simulated immersion test. In addition, like all thermoplastics, thermoplastic polyurethane can be recycled. Adding a small amount of waste material to the new thermoplastic polyurethane will not affect the quality of the product.
Thermoplastic polyurethane air cushion for pipe drawing mainly relies on the excellent physical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane, with high resilience, puncture resistance, crack growth resistance and high impact strength. The air cushion of the general production is used in the heel part, with remarkable shock absorption function. And the color can be varied, colorful effects to the visual effect of sports shoes icing on the cake.
Thermoplastic polyurethane oil filled air cushion should be called "liquid cushion" for its image, but because its function is mainly shock absorption, it belongs to air cushion category, which makes use of the oil resistance and high elasticity of thermoplastic polyurethane. It is often used in the heel part and the waist part to absorb shock and stabilize the turnover of the foot.
2. Classification according to the use part of the structure
◆ full-length air cushion
The contour is the same as the contour of the big bottom. The air chamber at the junction with the edge of the big bottom is about 10-20mm thick and 1-1.4mm thick. It is soft and resilient. The air chamber in the middle part is small, about 2-6mm thick, with poor elasticity, which plays the role of beam support. The solid part in the middle is about 2-3mm thick, which plays the role of connection. The thickness of the thinnest part of the forefoot is generally 10 mm, and the thickest part of the heel is generally 20 mm. The whole air cushion is a wedge-shaped structure from the heel to the forefoot. The thickness of the edge of the hidden full-length air cushion is generally 1-1.2mm, the thickness of the air chamber is generally 2-4mm, and the thickness of the solid part is generally 1-1.2mm the same as the thickness of the edge.
There are three types of window series structures:
1. The air chamber at the edge is an integral structure;
2. The marginal air chamber was divided into 3 air chambers from the metatarsophalangeal joint.
3. The metatarsophalangeal joint and the lumbar fossa are all disconnected, and the whole edge is divided into 6 air chambers. The thickness of the air chamber at the lumbar fossa is the thickest, which can reach 23mm, which can not only reduce vibration but also play a supporting and stabilizing role.
◆ half palm air cushion
From the metatarsophalangeal joint to the heel, the thickness of the air chamber at the waist fossa is the thickest part of the whole air cushion, which has the same design function as the full-length air cushion, and plays the role of shock absorption and support stability. The thickness of the air chamber at the waist socket is 20-25mm, and the heel part is generally 18-20mm. The design dimensions of the middle part and the solid part are the same as that of the full-length air cushion.
◆ heel cushion
Heel air cushion is the most commonly used air cushion design because of its various structures, shapes and colors. Common shapes are as follows:
1. The overall shape is similar to the human's foot back palm, and the difference of each structure mainly lies in the change of the detail part: the edge part is a tube air chamber, and the middle part is solid; the overall shape is a uniform air chamber, only a few solid circular, elliptical, semicircular or other solid parts are inserted in the middle part; the full-length air cushion is disconnected from the waist cavity, and the rest of the design is unchanged. ; the air chamber at the edge is designed to be similar to the zigzag shape and the rest is designed to be similar to other air cushion designs; it is just a thin air bag similar to the shape of the heel, without other decorations, which belongs to the hidden air cushion design.
2. The projected shape is similar to a rectangle: the thickness of the air chambers on both sides is large, generally 15-20mm, with a wall thickness of 1-1.2mm; the thickness of the air chambers in the middle is generally 3-6mm, with a wall thickness of 1.2-1.5mm; the thickness of the solid part is 2-3mm. The whole air cushion is like a rectangular air bag, the thickness of the air chambers in the middle and both sides are the same, and the wall thickness is the same, which is connected with the air chambers on both sides without solid part connection; the shape is rectangular, and the design and usage are the same as the egg air cushion below.
3. Oval air cushion: it is used on both sides of the heel or at the waist, two for each shoe and one for the waist. The specific structural changes are as follows:
(1) two or three air columns are evenly distributed in the middle of the air cushion, and the realization of the main shock absorption and rebound effect also depends on these air columns;
②. The whole air cushion is composed of two air bags connected by column air chamber, without air column.
4. Tubular air cushion: the tube drawing process is adopted, and the material is generally PVC and thermoplastic polyurethane. The color can be changed according to the needs, and the transparent effect, fogging effect, laser effect, etc. can be adopted. Different shapes and lengths can be used for different parts, such as two sides of the forefoot, two sides of the heel or the whole circle of the heel.
5. Oval air cushion: it can be divided into two designs: open window type and hidden type. The open window type is designed with air column. The hidden type is only an air bag, which can be filled with gas or oil.
6. Circular air cushion: it is generally of concealed design, which can be filled with gas or oil and other liquids.
◆ forefoot air cushion
It is relatively thin, and its shock absorption and resilience are smaller than that of the heel. There are two shapes:
1. The shape of the forefoot similar to the foot: the metatarsophalangeal joint is specially designed, and the rest are the same as the forefoot part of the full-length air cushion.
2. Tubular air cushion: the pipe diameter is smaller than that of heel air cushion, and the rest are the same as that of heel tubular air cushion.
◆ air cushion at waist
Thick, supporting and stabilizing. Most of them are hidden, can be oval, no gas column design; they can also be diamond with smooth edges, closely fitting with the waist part.
Several nike air cushioned shoes with different structures
The thermoplastic polyurethane air cushion used by Nike is classified as follows according to the position at the bottom:
Large sole air cushion sole
This is the first air cushion shoe. The outsole of the sneaker has a thick structure, and a series of independent air chambers similar to the hexagonal honeycomb structure are designed, which can be used in the forefoot and heel parts. Honeycomb structure has been proved to be the best geometry structure in nature, which has the advantages of high strength and light weight. This kind of design of the outsole is very significant in shock absorption and lightweight.
◆ design for middle insertion part
This kind of air cushion is mainly formed air cushion, which is sealed with gas or liquid inside. It is also the most popular design method of air cushion shoes at present. Air cushions are usually placed in the heel or forefoot. Nike's design of air cushion shoes is also dominated by the design of the plug-in.
◆ insole matching design
Generally, the air cushion is embedded in the forefoot and heel of the insole to emphasize shock absorption. The air cushion can be placed on the upper or lower part of the movable insole according to the needs, directly contacting with the feet, and the comfort experience is obvious.
Classification according to the substance filled inside:
◆ air cushion
This is a commonly used air cushion at present. The air with certain air pressure is enclosed in air cushions of different shapes through blow molding process or pipe drawing process combined with specific requirements to achieve the function of shock absorption and energy return. The process is simple and the gas source is wide.
◆ inert gas cushion
The inert gas is enclosed in the air cushion and can be placed anywhere on the large bottom. This is a new type of light cushioning and shock absorption system, which can limit the cushioning performance and reduce the weight of shoes. Because the lighter the shoes are, the more imperceptible they are on their feet, which means lightness, speed and comfort. The All Star Air Cushioned basketball shoes launched by Comus are