This paper is published in the first issue of Jianghai academic journal in 2020
About the author: Zhang Sheng, Dean of the school of history, Nanjing University, professor and doctoral supervisor of the history research center of the Republic of China and Nanjing Institute of Holocaust History and international peace.
The massacre of Japanese invaders in Nanjing, written by the Japanese history group of Nanjing University in 1963, is the world's first monograph on Nanjing Massacre, which can be called the "original book". The massacre of Japanese aggressors in Nanjing analyzes the background and historical environment of the Nanjing Massacre. It is divided into four parts: Massacre, sexual violence, robbery and destruction to elaborate the whole face of the Nanjing Massacre, which lays the narrative structure of the history of Nanjing Massacre in Chinese academic circles. On this basis, the massacre of Japanese imperialism in Nanjing and the atrocities of Japanese invasion of China - Nanjing Massacre constitute the early genealogy of the study of Nanjing Massacre in China, reflecting the evolution and inheritance of the original Scripture in the vicissitudes of the times. The massacre of Japanese invaders in Nanjing not only profoundly influenced the study of Nanjing Massacre in China, but also inspired the earliest study of Nanjing Massacre in Japan.
Key words: massacre of Japanese invaders in Nanjing
In the academic history, Japanese scholar Dong Fuxiong's "Nanjing Incident" was considered as the first monograph on Nanjing Massacre. Dong Fuxiong made great contributions to the study of Nanjing massacre history. His works were published in Japan, which had "forgotten" the massacre at that time. But the first book is not what it did. The newly discovered massacre of Japanese aggressors in Nanjing, written by the Japanese history group of the Department of history of Nanjing University in November 1963 and printed by Jiangsu People's publishing house, is the first work of Nanjing Massacre research.
The four writers of "the massacre of Japanese invaders in Nanjing" are all teachers of the Japanese history group. They are Hu Yungong, happy Zu, Wu Shimin and charizhen, happy Zu as the group leader, and he Jie and other seven students "assist in their work". The writing and revision of the manuscript "are performed by the teacher, especially Hu Yungong". All chapters of the manuscript "have been repeatedly discussed by the participants , and after the review of relevant comrades from both inside and outside the Department, they put forward many valuable opinions ", so it can be regarded as a collective work. The first draft was completed in 1960. On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Nanjing Massacre in December 1962, it was revised and supplemented by the author. It was first printed in November 1963, with 89 pages.
Combing the history of the massacre of the Japanese invaders in Nanjing, we can see that it is the "original code" of the study of Nanjing massacre history, which has a profound impact on the study of Nanjing massacre history in China since then. Although the richness of relevant historical materials, the consciousness of research issues, the completeness of content, and the development of interdisciplinary research horizons are not covered by the foresight of happy Zu and Hu Yungong, etc. half a century ago, in the Nanjing Massacre, the classification of Japanese atrocities structure, the scale and statistical path of the Massacre, the resistance of Chinese people in the massacre, and the "pre Holocaust History" - The background of the era and the "post Holocaust History" - Nanjing trial, Tokyo Trial and other aspects, can be seen in the inheritance and follow of future generations. Of course, from the sublation and development of later generations' research on happy ancestor and Hu Yungong, we can see the changes of historical narrative subject and theme, problem consciousness and research paradigm. Change and unchangeability not only do harm to the status of the original code, but also increase our respect for the pioneering work of our predecessors, and help us deepen our understanding of the academic history of Nanjing Massacre research.
The discovery of the massacre of Japanese invaders in Nanjing
Later generations are not completely ignorant of the clues that happy ancestors and others made great efforts in the early 1960s. "In 1962, the Japanese history group of the Department of history of Nanjing University wrote" the massacre of Japanese imperialism in Nanjing "and printed oil copies in the form of internal materials," Zhang Sheng and others said in their works published in 2012 Xu Zhimin also said in 2017: "in 1960, the Japanese history group of the History Department of Nanjing University began to investigate and study the Nanjing Massacre, and completed the manuscript of" the massacre of Japanese imperialism in Nanjing "in 1962, but it was not published until 1979." He said it was "the first monograph on Nanjing Massacre in New China". The former's mistake is to mistakenly plant the time of revision and supplement as the time of printing, while the latter's mistake is that the "massacre of Japanese imperialism in Nanjing" printed in 1979 is still "internal information", not "publishing". The common mistake lies in the title of the book, which comes from the memory of the original author, Gao xingzu.
According to the recollection of happy Zu in 1979, the original eight chapters of "the oil print" of the massacre of Japanese invaders in Nanjing were added with "Introduction" and "conclusion". Among them, "Introduction" and Chapter VIII "statistics of massacre, rape, robbery and destruction" were written by happy Zu himself, Chapter I "the situation before the fall of Nanjing" and Chapter IV "the bestiality of the" imperial army "were written by Wu Shimin, Chapter I" the situation before the fall of Nanjing "and Chapter IV" the bestiality of the "imperial army" were written by Wu Shimin Chapter seven "people's resistance" was written by charizhen, chapter two "Nanjing Massacre I", chapter three "Nanjing Massacre II", Chapter Five "robbery and destruction", Chapter Six "unsafe safe area" and "conclusion" were written by Hu Yungong. In 1962, when Jiangsu People's publishing house was preparing for publication, they expanded the "Nanjing Massacre" into three chapters, changed "the safe area is not safe" into "the truth of the refugee area", "the people's resistance" into "the person who will never yield" and "the conclusion" into "the conclusion". Gao xingzu's "Oil print" is a pre classic, which has not been found yet. From the 1963 book "the massacre of Japanese invaders in Nanjing" published by Jiangsu People's publishing house, the "Introduction" disappears, the "remainder" is the tenth chapter, and the "postscript" is added. In terms of division of labor, Hu Yungong has the largest length of writing.
The original copy of "the massacre of Japanese invaders in Nanjing" that the author obtained was signed by Hu Yungong himself. Zhang Chengde, a graduate of the Department of history of Nanjing University, transferred it to the library of History College of Nanjing University in 2018 (hereinafter referred to as "nandaben" to distinguish it from the "memorial book" signed by happy Zu himself). He added a book cover to the front of the title page about 1980 to explain the origin of the book Said:
This book was sent by Professor Hu Yungong, Department of history, Nanjing University. It was mailed to Hu Shi, who was in the military force at that time.
The Japanese history group of the History Department of Nantah was led by the then lecturer, xieyzu, and a member of the Hu Shiyi group. Although Hu Shi was a professor, he was not put into use because of his "historical problems". Hu Shi participated in the revolution in his early years and was familiar with Qu Qiubai. He was Secretary of the CPC Shandong Provincial Committee during the agrarian revolution He worked in Nanjing Army Command College in 1980 and visited it. He presented his memoir Jinling Cong tan.
Hu Yungong's autograph is of great academic significance in explaining the origin of the compilation of this book. He wrote: "since December 1937, the massacre of Japanese invaders in Nanjing has long been a proper term in history. In 1960, a few comrades of Nanjing University summed up this tragic history in order to oppose the Japan US Security Treaty and wrote a special book, which was named "the massacre of the Japanese aggressors in Nanjing". Although the number of words in the book is not much, it narrates the bloody world shaking events! Jiangsu People's Publishing House believes that it is a permanent work, and decides to print out the public world. " In particular, he explained the reasons for the delay in the official publication of the book: "in recent years, due to the revisionism, taking care of policies, the publication date has been delayed again and again. This autumn, we have finished proofreading, typesetting and publishing, and then we will consider further extension. However, due to internal needs, the samples were first packed into more than ten volumes for reference, which was closed to the public. I hope a few readers will pay attention. " The signing of the Japan US Security Treaty and the dispute between China and the Soviet Union have a profound impact on the world pattern after World War II, especially on the situation in East Asia. The impact affects the publication of a book, which clearly points out the "background of the times" of the book, though unexpected.
The sources of the massacre of the Japanese invaders in Nanjing are divided into two parts: the first is literature, which comes from Nanjing archives, Nanjing Intermediate People's court, Shanghai newspaper library, Nanjing historical data sorting office of Institute of modern history of Chinese Academy of Sciences (the author's note: This is today's "second historical archives of China"), Xinhua Daily News Agency, Nanjing Municipal Bureau of culture, Nanjing district The Museum of chronicles, the Nanjing Library, the Nanjing University Library and the history department library of Nanjing University; the second is oral materials. At that time, there were many survivors. The investigators said, "especially during the visit, when many victims and their families described the situation of that day, they often shed tears, which deeply moved us and promoted our work.".
Although the massacre of Japanese aggressors in Nanjing has not been published publicly, its content is not always in a secret state. The Japanese history group said, "in order to brief Japanese friends who want to know about this incident, in 1965, we provided all the research results and photos to the relevant foreign affairs units. On this basis, we held a report meeting and photo exhibition for Japanese friends. Since then, we have been invited to participate in such reception activities and provide materials to a Japanese historian for many times. After hearing the introduction, Japanese friends are excited and express their determination to keep friendship with the Chinese people from generation to generation, which makes us very moved and still hard to forget. In our country, we have provided many units with oil copies of this work, or put forward relevant reports, and received their enthusiastic help. " He also mentioned that the relevant contents had been submitted to Nanjing University in 1963 and 1978. Gao xingzu's recollection shows that the massacre of the Japanese aggressors in Nanjing has already spread, even "internationalized", in addition to the "public publication" in the sense of publishing norms. Only in the repeated struggle of memory and forgetting, it was once annihilated, so that the author himself remembered its name wrongly.
Second, the structure and main content of "the massacre of the Japanese invaders in Nanjing" the Lugouqiao Incident on July 7, especially the Shanghai incident on August 13, is the starting point of almost all works on the history of Nanjing Massacre today. The first chapter of "the massacre of the Japanese invaders in Nanjing" is "the situation before the fall of Nanjing". The author first explains that under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the National People's Anti Japanese sentiment is rising, "the world people led by the Soviet Union are extending a hand of friendship to China", "the Kuomintang betrays the government" although forced to fight against Japan, "but is ready to compromise and surrender all the time". This resulted in a large area of land in the south of the Yangtze River being occupied by the Japanese army. In the process of rushing from Suzhou, Wuxi and Zhenjiang to Nanjing, the Japanese army began to burn, kill and plunder. The author quotes the British journalist Tian Bolie's "the Japanese atrocities witnessed by outsiders", but the source of Tian Bolie's book was not detailed at that time. "The situation before the fall of Nanjing" goes on to explain: before that, Japanese planes bombed Nanjing, the Kuomintang government issued the declaration of moving its capital to Chongqing on November 20, and all organs evacuated one after another, leaving "helpless people" in Nanjing. The author accurately pointed out that before the war, the population of Nanjing was more than one million. In the war, at most, they went to the four suburbs, "and the majority of residents could not go far away from other places ”In addition to the refugees from all over the country and the large number of Nanjing residents, the "Chiang Kai Shek group" adopted